Carbone capture and sequestration (CCS) is one of the most effective methods for reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Saline aquifer offers the highest level of CO2 storage. The injection of high volume gas into underground reservoirs contributes salt precipitation in the area around the injection well. Sine a high volume of CO2 has to be injected into underground reservoirs, at least 30 years, injectivity is an important phenomenon. Near wellbore salt precipitation due to evaporation leads to a reduction in injectivity. In this study, we investigated the effects of injection rate and salinity on injectivity due to salt precipitation. The results show that, by changing the injection rate and salinity, some interacting factors affect injectivity which determines ultimate injectivity. The final permeability analysis demonstrates salt precipitation decreases with injection rate while salinity has an opposite effect. The Peclet number analysis displays salt precipitation profile is affected by both injection rate and salinity, however, injection rate has a marked effect on injectivity. The results of this study were used to calibrate the permeability alteration model due to salt precipitation.

Polymer poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was doped with Potassium hexafluoro phosphate (KPF6) and TiO2 nanomaterials for different weight ratio (0, 10, 20) % were prepared by cast solution method to produced thin films of PVP/KPF6, PVP/TiO2 and PVP/KPF6-TiO2. The characterization of thin films such as TGA analysis and the absorption spectra of thin films at the range wave number (300-800) nm were studied. It is found that the weight loss for polymer PVP was decreased with increase of weight ratio for added KPF6 but it has no effect with increase TiO2 nanocomposite. For absorption spectra we see that adding TiO2 nanocomposite to the polymer PVP is better than of KPF6 salt. And the energy gap for thin films decreases with increases nanocomposite and salt, the best result was for adding mixing of KPF6 salt with TiO2 nanocomposite to polymer PVP which was equal to 1.1eV for the weight ratio 20% of PVP/KPF6-TiO2 thin films.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that has the most effect in the phenomenon of global warming. Carbon dioxide capture and storage are considered to be a top choice for reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Saline aquifers have high potential compared with other storage options, such as, depleted oil and gas reservoirs to store Carbon dioxide. In the last decade, there has been a great interest in the study of storing Carbon dioxide in the saline aquifers. Among the different mechanisms, Carbon dioxide can traped in the aquifer by dissolving in water. Water evaporation is a process that leads to salt deposition in the surrounding area of the injection well that reduces the porosity, damages the reservoir permeability near the wellbore and reduces the well injectivity. Modeling and the simulation have been performed by MATLAB R2013a software to study the effect of Carbon dioxide injection on the aquifer properties. A comparison between the results and those obtained using Zeidouni et al. shows that the proposed model has the same values for porosity change and permeability reduction. The proposed model with an average relative deviation about %7 is able to accurately predict the aquifer properties during CO2 gas injection.

Background & Purpose: Salt and pepper change is the retinal change that occurs in human retina and its cause is not entirely known. In the present study, the retina of patients infected with Giardia lamblia living in Tehran was examined for presence of "salt and pepper" retinal change. Methods& Patients: 50 girdiasis patients were selected as study group and 50 healthy individuals as control group. The retina of two groups was tested by ophthalmologist. White blood cells and eosinophila percentage were counted in haematology lab. For measurements of IgA and IgG Levels, SRID technique, and for IgE level, ELISA technique was applied. Results & Conclusion: The results indicated, six patients of study group showed "salt and pepper" retinal change in their eyes. When the patients treated with metronidazole, the ocular change disappeared in three of them. In addition, eosinophila percentage, IgA, IgE and IgG levels in the infected patients were found increased significantly in comparison with control group. Meanwhile, among patients with ocular change and without ocular change the differences of eosinophila percentage and IgE levels were found significant, According to IgA and IgG levels, no significant difference between two groups were observed.    

Drought is one of the most chronic environmental instabilities that has extensive environmental effects. In this research, the evaluation of standardized precipitation index (SPI) based on precipitation and temperature data in Kashan synoptic station for the statistical period of 2019-1970 has been done. In order to check the trend, Mann-Kendall and Pettie tests were used. According to the results in Kashan station, from 1992 to the first quarter of 1994, with 27 months, it had the longest drought period and from 2015 to 2018, it had the longest drought period. The results of the Mann-Kendall test for the parameter of total monthly and annual precipitation showed a significant downward trend of precipitation in December. For the parameters of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and average temperature, the average temperature showed a significant downward trend in the months of April, August and November. The time series of minimum temperature and maximum temperature parameters showed similar results, so that these parameters had a homogeneous trend in most months. Of course, this trend for the maximum temperature time series in March was heterogeneous and significant at the 5% confidence level. The Pettie test for the average temperature parameter showed different results, and the time series for this parameter in the months of April, June, July, August, September, November and on an annual scale had a heterogeneous trend. In general, it can be acknowledged that the awareness of the process and characteristics of drought plays an important role in the management of dry areas.

This study aimed to compare the phase changes and morphology of yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide powders (YSZ) synthesized by co-precipitation and molten salt methods. Ammonia precipitating agent was used for the synthesis of YSZ powder by co-precipitation method and a mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate salts was used as a molten salt in the molten salt method. Samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results showed that only the sample prepared with zirconium oxychloride and yttrium nitrate by co-precipitation method had a single phase of yttriastabilized zirconium oxide with tetragonal crystal lattice and particle size distribution in the range of 30 to 55 nm. The powder synthesized by the molten salt method contained a mixture of zirconia with monoclinic crystal lattice and yttria stabilized zirconia with tetragonal crystal lattice and particle size of 200 nm.

In this paper, nitrosa R salt immobilized on PPF matrix was used as an analytical reagent for the determination of Fe(III) ion. The advantage of the proposed method over existing methods is the local synthesis of the carrier sorbent used and the higher analytical parameters for the determination of Fe(III) ion (Sr=0.05, Cmin=0.2μg/l). In order to assess the accuracy of the method, the t-criterion and F-criterion were compared with the tabular data (Texperiment=1.09; ttable=2.83, Fexperiment=2.52; Ftable=4.47). When determining Fe(III) using nitrosa R salt used for immobilization in acetate buffer solution at pH=5.5, the obtained complex gave a maximum analytical signal at a wavelength of 720 nm. The linear binding obeys the Beer-Lambert-Beer law in the range of 0.2-2 μg/ml. Under selected conditions, common coexisting ions usually do not interfere with the determination of iron ions in water samples. The proposed method is simple, economical, rapid, sensitive, accurate and highly selective, and can be used to determine the iron content in various water samples without prior treatment..